What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?

Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in regulating cell growth and division. They produce proteins that work to keep cell proliferation in check by controlling the cell cycle and promoting DNA repair mechanisms. When these genes function properly, they help prevent cells from growing uncontrollably, which is a key feature of cancer progression.

In healthy cells, tumor suppressor genes act in a protective capacity, ensuring that cells do not divide and proliferate too rapidly. They can induce apoptosis, the programmed cell death, in cells that are damaged or not functioning properly, thus eliminating potential threats to the organism, such as cells that may develop into tumors. Examples of well-known tumor suppressor genes include TP53 and BRCA1, which are involved in various pathways for maintaining genomic integrity and preventing cancer.

The other choices do not accurately describe the function of tumor suppressor genes. Choices that imply their role in promoting uncontrolled growth, enhancing DNA replication, or being responsible for cell differentiation do not reflect their true function of regulating and negative controlling cell cycle processes.