What are two indications of an elbow joint fracture following trauma?

The presence of pain and a visible fat pad is a critical indication of an elbow joint fracture following trauma. When a fracture occurs, it can cause inflammation and bleeding around the joint, which may lead to swelling. The visible fat pad sign, often observable on X-rays, indicates the disturbance of the normal anatomy of the elbow due to joint effusion. This fat pad is normally not visible unless it is elevated by the presence of fluid, which often occurs in conjunction with fractures. Thus, finding pain along with a visible fat pad is a strong clinical indicator of an elbow fracture.

The other indicators might suggest various conditions or issues related to trauma but are not as specifically indicative of a fracture. Heat and swelling can occur with many types of soft tissue injuries, not necessarily indicating a fracture. Numbness and tingling could suggest nerve involvement or other injuries around the joint, but these symptoms do not directly point to a fracture. Stiffness and reduced range of motion are more common in the later stages of recovery or in the presence of other joint injuries rather than being acute indicators of a fracture. Therefore, pain combined with a visible fat pad is a more precise sign of a fracture in the context of elbow injuries.